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At a time] when wars and seditions with grievous persecutions have vexed almost all kings and countries round about me, my reign hath been peacable, and my realm a receptacle to thy afflicted Church. The love of my people hath appeared firm, and the devices of my enemies frustrate. [232] Family tree Elizabeth's family tree Gristwood, Sarah (2008). Elizabeth and Leicester. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-1431-1449-9. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021 . Retrieved 1 August 2020. Skidmore, Chris (2010), Death and the Virgin: Elizabeth, Dudley and the Mysterious Fate of Amy Robsart, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, ISBN 978-0-2978-4650-5 . Adams, Simon (2008). "Dudley, Robert, earl of Leicester (1532/3–1588)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (onlineed.). Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/ref:odnb/8160. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) In government, Elizabeth was more moderate than her father and siblings had been. [3] One of her mottoes was video et taceo ("I see and keep silent"). [4] In religion, she was relatively tolerant and avoided systematic persecution. After the pope declared her illegitimate in 1570, which in theory released English Catholics from allegiance to her, several conspiracies threatened her life, all of which were defeated with the help of her ministers' secret service, run by Francis Walsingham. Elizabeth was cautious in foreign affairs, manoeuvring between the major powers of France and Spain. She half-heartedly supported a number of ineffective, poorly resourced military campaigns in the Netherlands, France, and Ireland. By the mid-1580s, England could no longer avoid war with Spain.

Edwards, Philip (2004), The Making of the Modern English State: 1460–1660, Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 978-0-3122-3614-4 . Faulconbridge, Guy (29 November 2019). "Elizabeth I revealed as the translator of Tacitus into English". Reuters. Archived from the original on 24 December 2019 . Retrieved 9 January 2020. MacCaffrey, Wallace T. (1993). Elizabeth I. E. Arnold. ISBN 0-3405-6167-X. OL 1396177M. political biography summarising his multivolume study: The Queen regularly went to church wherever she was: at St. George's Chapel at Windsor Castle, St. Mary Magdalene Church at Sandringham House, Crathie Kirk at Balmoral Castle, and Canongate Kirk in Edinburgh, when she stayed there in Holyroodhouse, her official home in Scotland.In the late 1990s, there were "referendums" in which the people of Scotland and Wales were asked if they wanted parliaments that were separate from the parliament of the United Kingdom. This was called a "devolution policy". As a result, the new Scottish Parliament and the National Assembly of Wales, were set up. The Queen opened the first sessions of these two bodies. a b Sanders, Seth (10 October 2002). "Book of translations reveals intellectualism of England's powerful Queen Elizabeth I". University of Chicago Chronicle. Archived from the original on 28 December 2019 . Retrieved 9 January 2020. It was fortunate that ten out of twenty-six bishoprics were vacant, for of late there had been a high rate of mortality among the episcopate, and a fever had conveniently carried off Mary's Archbishop of Canterbury, Reginald Pole, less than twenty-four hours after her own death". [56]

There were no less than ten sees unrepresented through death or illness and the carelessness of 'the accursed cardinal' [Pole]". [57] The Queen and Prince Philip celebrated their sixtieth (diamond) wedding anniversary on 19 November 2007, with a special service at Westminster Abbey. The night before, Prince Charles gave a private dinner party at Clarence House for 20 members of the Royal Family. Elledge, Jonn (9 September 2015), "Queen Elizabeth II is about to become Britain's longest reigning monarch, so here are some charts", New Statesman , retrieved 16 January 2021 After Essex's downfall, James VI of Scotland referred to Robert Cecil as "king there in effect". [201] Elizabeth became queen when her father, King George VI, died on 6 February 1952. At the time of her death, she had ruled longer than any other king or queen in the history of the United Kingdom. [2] She had also ruled longer than any other living king or queen in the world, since the death of Thailand's Bhumibol Adulyadej on 13 October 2016. She was the second-longest reigning monarch in history.Main article: Elizabethan Religious Settlement The Pelican Portrait by Nicholas Hilliard. The pelican was thought to nourish its young with its own blood and served to depict Elizabeth as the "mother of the Church of England". [52] Robert Dudley: Queen Elizabeth I's great love". Archived from the original on 8 August 2020 . Retrieved 1 August 2020. After Grindal died in 1548, Elizabeth received her education under her brother Edward's tutor, Roger Ascham, a sympathetic teacher who believed that learning should be engaging. [19] Current knowledge of Elizabeth's schooling and precocity comes largely from Ascham's memoirs. [15] By the time her formal education ended in 1550, Elizabeth was one of the best educated women of her generation. [20] At the end of her life, she was believed to speak the Welsh, Cornish, Scottish and Irish languages in addition to those mentioned above. The Venetian ambassador stated in 1603 that she "possessed [these] languages so thoroughly that each appeared to be her native tongue". [21] Historian Mark Stoyle suggests that she was probably taught Cornish by William Killigrew, Groom of the Privy Chamber and later Chamberlain of the Exchequer. [22] Thomas Seymour Elizabeth's guardian Thomas Seymour, 1st Baron Seymour of Sudeley, may have sexually abused her.

Elizabeth was born in her grandparents' home at Mayfair, London on 21 April 1925, although it was kept secret until a year later because her parents wanted everyone to think she was slightly younger. Her father was Prince Albert, Duke of York, who later became George VI. Her mother was Elizabeth, Duchess of York.The picture of Elizabeth painted by her Protestant admirers of the early 17th century has proved lasting and influential. [217] Her memory was also revived during the Napoleonic Wars, when the nation again found itself on the brink of invasion. [218] In the Victorian era, the Elizabethan legend was adapted to the imperial ideology of the day, [211] [w] and in the mid-20th century, Elizabeth was a romantic symbol of the national resistance to foreign threat. [219] [x] Historians of that period, such as J. E. Neale (1934) and A. L. Rowse (1950), interpreted Elizabeth's reign as a golden age of progress. [220] Neale and Rowse also idealised the Queen personally: she always did everything right; her more unpleasant traits were ignored or explained as signs of stress. [221] Poole, Robert (6 September 2005). "John Dee and the English Calendar: Science, Religion and Empire". Institute of Historical Research. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 . Retrieved 26 October 2006. There were many more countries that she also ruled, because they belonged to the British Empire. One by one, many of the countries became independent, and as they gained independence she remained Queen of many of them. Altogether, she was sovereign of 32 nations. In 1991, she became the first British monarch to speak to a joint session of the United States Congress. She goes to the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meetings. She is the most widely traveled head of state in history. [10] [12] The Queen has often shown courage, ever since she joined the military at 18. During a trip to Ghana in 1961, she was warned that it was dangerous to be near the President Kwame Nkrumah because people wanted to kill him. But she refused to stay away. The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Harold Macmillan, wrote that the Queen got very impatient with people if they tried to treat her like "a film star".