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Heide-Jørgensen, M. P.; Hansen, R. G.; Westdal, K.; Reeves, R. R. & Mosbech, A. (2013). "Narwhals and seismic exploration: Is seismic noise increasing the risk of ice entrapments?". Biological Conservation. 158: 50–54. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2012.08.005. Narwhal". American Cetacean Society. Archived from the original on 21 May 2013 . Retrieved 10 July 2013. The narwhal is an animal that basically resembles a small whale. It is only small compared to other cetaceans, however. By any other standard, the narwhal is actually a large marine mammal with a body size of 13 to 20 feet and a tusk size of around 10 feet. It also weighs a truly imposing 1.5 tons. This makes it nearly the length of a bus and the weight of a car. The narwhal probably evolved in the Pliocene period some two to five million years ago from toothed whales. The highly reduced vestigial teeth and the tusk are evidence of this. More distantly, all cetaceans evolved from hoofed land mammals perhaps beginning some 50 million years ago. The closest living relates are hippos, cows, and pigs, but the whale ancestors probably resembled a small deer-like the modern chevrotain. As it became accustomed to the marine environment, this ancestor began to evolve flippers and other specialized organs.

Asselin, N.C., Ferguson, S.H., Richard, P.R. and Barber, D.G. (2012). Results of narwhal ( Monodon monoceros) aerial surveys in northern Hudson Bay, August 2011. DFO Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat. Res. Doc. 2012/037. iii + 23 p. http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/csas-sccs/Publications/ResDocs-DocRech/2012/2012_037-eng.html The narwhal, also known as a narwhale ( Monodon monoceros), is a medium-sized toothed whale that lives year-round in Arctic waters around Greenland, Canada and Russia. It is one of two living species of whale in the family Monodontidae, along with the beluga whale, and the only species in the genus Monodon. The narwhal males are distinguished by a long, straight, helical tusk, which in actuality is an oversized canine tooth. On the other hand, females rarely possess this feature; an example of sexual dimorphism. The narwhal was one of many species described by Carl Linnaeus in his publication Systema Naturae in 1758. The area north of Scoresby Sound is a National Park. It is the largest protected area in the world and includes protection of the sea up to 3 nautical miles from the shoreline. Northeast Greenland is therefore not part of the hunting grounds for narwhals, although narwhals from this area may be supplying the hunt in regions further south. The Northeast Water polynya can be an important habitat in winter. There is, however, little documentation of the population abundance and distribution in this area. A dedicated aerial survey was conducted in Northeast Greenland (covering the Northeast Water polynya) in March/April 2017. Narwhals were detected twice during this survey and no abundance estimation was made on this low sighting rate. Aerial surveys were conducted over the eastern part of the North Water polynya in April 2014. The resulting estimates suggested that 3,059 narwhals (95 % CI: 1,760–5,316) wintered in the eastern part of the North Water polynya during this time (Heide-Jørgensen et al. 2016). Narwhal sightings were also recorded during a 2018 multi-species survey of the North Water, with 23 narwhal sightings recorded. Inglefield Bredning a b c Shepard, Odell (2013). The Lore of the Unicorn. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p.176. ISBN 978-1-4565-6952-5.

a b Laidre, K. L.; Heide-Jørgensen, M. P.; Dietz, R.; Hobbs, R. C. & Jørgensen, O. A. (2003). "Deep-diving by narwhals, Monodon monoceros: differences in foraging behavior between wintering areas?" (PDF). Marine Ecology Progress Series. 261: 269–281. Bibcode: 2003MEPS..261..269L. doi: 10.3354/meps261269.

Narwhal distribution and migration as recognised by the Global Review of Monodontids (Hobbs et al. 2019) Heide-Jørgensen, M.P., Laidre, K.L., Burt, M.L., Borchers, D.L., Marques, T.A., Hansen, R.G., Rasmussen, M. and Fossette, S. (2010). Abundance of narwhals ( Monodon monoceros) on the hunting grounds in Greenland. Journal of Mammalogy, 91, 1135-1151. https://doi.org/10.1644/09-MAMM-A-198.1 Narwhals are medium-sized whales and are around the same size as beluga whales. Total length in both sexes, excluding the tusk of the male, can range from 3.95 to 5.5m (13 to 18ft). [15] Males, at an average length of 4.1m (13.5ft), are slightly larger than females, with an average length of 3.5m (11.5ft). Typical adult body weight ranges from 800 to 1,600kg (1,760 to 3,530lb). [15] Male narwhals attain sexual maturity at 11 to 13 years of age, when they are about 3.9m (12.8ft) long. Females become sexually mature at a younger age, between 5 and 8 years old, when they are around 3.4m (11.2ft) long. [15]

The IUCN is the most widely recognized system for conservation statuses. Still, the organization’s Red List has come under criticism for its limits in expressing the actual dangers that wildlife faces. Critics explain that population count does not fully convey how at risk a species is. This may be the case for the narwhal, which is severely threatened by the effects of climate change. In management area 3 – Tasiilaq, south of 67°N – the population model also estimated a small depleted aggregation (down to 25% of the historical population estimate). This aggregation was also considered so small that it could not sustainable any current removals (NAMMCO 2019a,b). Best, R.C. (1981). "The tusk of the narwhal ( Monodon monoceros L.): interpretation of its function (Mammalia: Cetacea)". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 59 (12): 2386–2393. doi: 10.1139/z81-319. Humans hunt narwhals; narwhal products traded commercially include the skin, carved vertebrae, teeth and tusk, and the meat. About 1,000 narwhals per year are killed, 600 in Canada and 400 in Greenland. Canadian harvests were steady at this level in the 1970s, dropped to 300–400 per year in the late 1980s and 1990s and rose again since 1999. Greenland harvested more, 700–900 per year, in the 1980s and 1990s. [55] Heide-Jørgensen, M.P., Guldborg Hansen, R., Westdal, K., Reeves, R.R. and Mosbech, A. (2013c). Narwhals and seismic exploration: Is seismic noise increasing the risk of ice entrapments? Biological Conservation, 158, 50-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2012.08.005

E. T. Newton. 1891. The vertebrata of the Pliocene deposits of Britain. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom". Memoirs of the Geological Survey, Great Britain. 1891. Surveys of narwhals in spring at the Scoresby Sound polynia will be conducted in May 2022 and a survey of narwhal abundance along East Greenland (including Scoresby Sound and south to Umivik) is also planned for August 2022. NORWAYGautier, D.L., Bird, K.J., Charpentier, R.R., Grantz, A., Houseknecht, D.W., Klett, T.R., Moore, T.E., Pitman, J.K., Schenk, C.J., Schuenemeyer, J.H., Sørensen, K., Tennyson, M.E., Valin, Z.C. and Wandrey, C.J. (2009). Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas in the Arctic. Science, 324(5931), 1175–1179. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1169467 a b "For a dentist, the narwhal's smile is a mystery of evolution". Smithsonian Insider. 18 April 2012 . Retrieved 6 September 2016. Much has been learned about the physical and seasonal habitat of narwhals through the application of satellite-linked tags. In such studies, narwhals are captured in nets and the tags are attached either to the tusk (in male narwhals) or by bolts through the dorsal ridge. The tags transmit data when the narwhal surfaces. Along with location, tags can collect data on diving and the time spent at specific depth intervals. To date, tagging studies have been conducted on almost all summer aggregations of narwhals in Canada and Greenland (Heide-Jørgensen et al. 2013b) and in Svalbard (Lydersen et al. 2007). Read more in Section 11: Research in NAMMCO member countries. Spring